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One theory about why phantom limb occurs is that it happens when areas of the brain that used to control the amputated limb remain strongly connected to the mental image of the limb. To weaken this connection, Takufumi Yanagisawa, MD, PhD, and his research team at Osaka University, Japan, hypothesized that unconsciously training the brain regions that control the intact limb will also control the phantom limb. In the random crossover trial, the researchers were able to reduce phantom limb pain after only three days of training with a brain-computer-interface (BCI).
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